Tugas kuliahku : CCU (Cross Cultural Understanding)

CCU atau cross cultural understanding, adalah mata kuliah pengenalan tentang kebudayaan diluar negeri.

sebagai contoh yang saya ambil adalah membandingkan antara sistem pendidikan di australia dan di indonesia. check this out guys :)

2.1 The Education System in Australian

Education inAustraliais notheld bythe central goverment, butleft toeach stateorterritory.Thus, every statehas the rightto hold adifferenteducation. It isbasedon theconstitution ofAustralia, whereeducation is astateresponsibility. Ateach state, theMinisterof Educationwithaneducationdepartmentimplementprimary and secondary education, andsometimesalsoof preschooleducation. Thus, each mainlandstate andterritoryhasits ownauthorityin the implementation ofeducation.

According toLawNo.20Year2003 onNational Education Systemmentionedin Article1Section8thateducationis thestage of education isdeterminedbythe level ofdevelopment of learners, the objectives to beachieved, andskillsare developed. Judging from thelevel offormaleducation, Australiaconsistsof3stages ofeducation, primary education(primary schools), secondary education(secondary education, including secondary school/ highschools), andhigher education(tertiary educationinuniversitiesorTAFE[technical and furthereducation] college).

In Australia, the basiselementaryeducationto enter thenext levelissecondary education. Secondary educationis a continuationofbasic education. The final stageishigher education, whichincludesseveralprograms, isdiplomabachelors, masters, specialist, and doctoral degreesareheldby the college. Period of study foreach ofthedifferentlevelsinterstate. The differencecan be seenin the following table:

1. Area of​​NewSouthWales, Victoria, Tasmaniaandthe Australian Capital Territory

   

Level of Education		Education length
Primary education	Primary School	6 year
Secondary education	Junior Secondary School	4 year
	Senior High School	2 year

2.      Area of Queensland, South Australia , West Australia Barat, Northern Territory

Level of Education		Education length
Primary education	Primary School	7 year
Secondary education	Junior Secondary School	3 year
	Senior High School	2 year

EducationinAustralianrequires the learners totakecompulsory education, are atprimaryschoollevel(SD) andjuniorsecondary school(SMP). Thus,compulsory educationinAustraliawhich is 10years. Furthermore, studentscangotoseniorhigh school. ForeducationinAustraliais theyear1-12(from primaryschoolleveltohigh school). At theseniorhigh schoollevel, every studenthas theobligationtochoosevocationaleducationprogramsorpubliceducation. Vocational educationgearedtothe job market, thevocationaleducation graduateswillbe readytoworkaftergraduation. Each statehas aVocational Education and Training(Vocational Education and TrainingorVET). VETprepareslearners toworkwithout theneed toobtaina bachelor's degree.

Forstudentswhotakegeneral education, tocontinuing educationdiploma, bachelor degree, and so on. Here are thequalifications ofthe Australianqualificationsframework(AQF orAustralianQualification Framework) according to theeducationsector.

School sector	SectorVocational Education And Training (VET)	Higher education sector
Senior Secondary Certificate of Education (Ijazah Sekolah Menengah Atas) (2–3 year)	Vocational graduate diploma (Diploma Kejuruan) (1 year)	Doctoral (3+ year)
VET in school	Vocational graduate certificate (Sertifikat Kejuruan) (6 mounth)	Masters / Magister degree (1–3 year)
	Advanced diploma (Diploma Lanjutan) (6–12 months)	Graduate diploma (1 year)
	Diploma (1 year)	Graduate certificate (6 year)
	Sertifikat IV (1 year)	Bachelor degree (Gelar Sarjana Muda) (3 year)
	Sertifikat III (6 mounth)	Associate degree, advanced diploma (1,5 year)
	Sertifikat II (6 mounth)	Diploma (1 year)
	Sertifikat I (6 mounth)

Toa degreethatis obtainedaftertakingthe collegeare:

·         Bachelor’sdegree(bachelor levelS1),

·         Master’sDegree(Masters levelS2),

·         PhD(doctoral levelS3)

2.2  The stucture of the educational system in Australian

a.       University

University is the highest level of study in Australia. Study can be undertaken at an undergraduate level (Bachelor Degree) and/or a postgraduate level (Graduate Certificate, Diploma, Masters, PhD). Australia has 41 universities, 38 of which are government funded and three privately funded.

b.      Vocational

Vocational institutions include skill-based courses which are closely linked to selected industries and give students practical skills and industry experience. Courses are provided at both government-funded Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes and private institutions. Many vocational institutes have links and agreements with universities. Through these links, universities may offer up to one year of advanced standing into a Bachelor degree as well as guaranteed entry into your course when you achieve the required grades at your vocational institution. Many of the courses provide advanced standing into university degrees.

c.       School

Australian schools are either government or privately funded. The schooling system is separated into two levels: primary and secondary. Primary school is undertaken by students between the ages of 6 and 12 years and secondary school is undertaken by students between the ages of 13 and 18 years. School is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 to 15 after which students may choose to continue their secondary study (up until the age of 18), leave secondary school to enter the workforce or enrol in vocational courses.

d.      English Language

There are approximately 100 private English language centres in Australia. Courses in English can be taken for a variety of reasons including study, travel, immigration or business purposes. English courses can also be undertaken at some universities and TAFE institutions.

e.       English Language

There are approximately 100 private English language centres in Australia. Courses in English can be taken for a variety of reasons including study, travel, immigration or business purposes. English courses can also be undertaken at some universities and TAFE institutions.

f.       Australian Academic Year

The Australian academic year begins in early February for school students and late February/early March for vocational and university students. Most schools have three or four terms a year. Unlike the school system, universities and vocational institutes have two semesters with exams held at the end of each semester in June and November, followed by a two-to-four-week break. The long summer holiday break is from November to March. Below is a general guide on the academic year for the different levels of study in Australia:

a)      Schools

·         Length - 13 years in total (Kindergarten/Preparatory to Year12)

·         Semesters - 4 (usually called terms')

·         Starts - Late January/early February

b)      English

·         Length - From 5 weeks to 1 year

·         Semesters - The year is split into weeks

·         Starts - Throughout the year

c)      Foundation

·         Length - 1 year

·         Semesters - The semester breaks will depend on your course

·         Starts - February but can vary by course and institutions

d)      Vocational Education and Training

·         Length - 1 to 4 years

·         Semesters – Two

·         Starts - February, but can vary by course and institutions

e)      Undergraduate

·         Length - Typically 3 years (4 years for honours degree)

·         Semesters - Two, although some institutions offer three semesters (trimesters)

·         Starts - Typically March, but can vary by course and institution

f)       Postgraduate

·         Length - 1 to 2 years

·         Semesters - Two, although some institutions offer three semesters (trimesters)

·         Starts - Typically March, but can vary by course and institution

g)      Doctoral

·         Length - 3 years

·         Semesters - As most doctoral candidates do not attend class, there are usually no formal semester

·         Starts - Your start date will be negotiated with your supervisor

2.3  Curriculum of Australian

The development of the Australian Curriculum is guided by the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians, adopted by the Ministerial Council in December 2008. The Melbourne Declaration emphasises the importance of knowledge, skills and understandings of learning areas, general capabilities and cross-curriculum priorities as the basis for a curriculum designed to support 21st century learning.

The Australian Curriculum sets out the core knowledge, understanding, skills and general capabilities important for all Australian students. It describes the learning entitlement of students as a foundation for their future learning, growth and active participation in the Australian community. It makes clear what all young Australians should learn as they progress through schooling. It is the foundation for high quality teaching to meet the needs of all Australian students.

Australian Curriculum Assesment and Reporting Autority (ACARA)  has developed the Australian Curriculum in consultation with states and territories. Education Authorities in each state and territory have responsibility for implementation of the Australian Curriculum and for supporting schools and teachers.

a.       2008-2010
Development ofthe AustralianCurriculumtoElementaryClassroom
Class10for:

o   English

o   Mmathematics

o   Sscience

o   History

b.      2010-2012
Development ofthe AustralianCurriculumforElementaryGrades
to Year12havebegunto:

o   Earthsciences

o   Languages

o   the arts

c.       2010-2013
AustralianCurriculumdevelopmentinthe future
forPrimaryto Year12classeswill becenteredon
otherteachingareasmentioned inthe Declaration
Melbourneby the aim Educationforthe
YouthinAustralia.
Thisdevelopmentincludes a focuson:

o   Economicsandbusiness

o   nationalityScience

o   HealthandSportsSciences

o   Designandtechnology

2.4  The Comparison ofeducationinAustraliaandIndonesia

NO	AUSTRALIA				INDONESIA
	New South Wales,Victoria, Tasmania, dan Australian Capital Territory	Queensland,AustraliaSelatan, Australia Barat, Northern Territory
1	Primary School (6 year) Junior Secondary School (4 year)	Primary School (7 year) Junior Secondary School (3 year)			Primary education 9 year (primary school 6 year dan secondary school 3  year)
2.	Senior High School (2 year)	Senior High School (2 year)			Secondary school 3 year (SMA, MA, SMK, dan MAK )
3.	Diploma (1 year) Associate degree, advanced diploma (1,5 year) Bachelor degree (Gelar Sarjana Muda) (3 year) Graduate certificate (6 mounth) Graduate diploma (1 year) Gelar Masters / Magister (1–3 year) Gelar doktor (3+ year)				Diploma 3 (D3) scholar, Diploma 4 (D4) Scholar, Strata 1 (S1) Magister, Strata 2 (S2) Doctoral, Strata 3 (S3)

Aside fromeducation, somecomparisonsofeducation inAustraliaandIndonesia, among others, are:

·         Judging fromthe weightandthe level ofdifficulty ofthe subject matter

·         interms ofassessment(assessment).

·         the reward(award) forbusinessstudentsis upheld, eitherin the form ofverbaland non-verbal praisesuch assaying'well done', 'excellent', etc..

·         thelearning environmentinprimary schoolsinAustralialooks veryfavorable.

·         in terms ofteaching staff, the teachersinAustraliais verydisciplined. The teachersare required tocometo classbeforethe studentsentered.