Natural causes in grammar

Natural causes

we examine how features enable us to distinguish among classes of sounds with many members. in phonological terms, features, capture natural classes, which are classes of sounds that share a feature of features voiceless stops, glides, high vowels, nasal consonant and so on. any natural class requires fewer features to define it than to define any one of its members. For example, more features are needed to define any of segments in the class of english front vowels than to capture the entire class, it takes seven features to characterize the vowel. but only four. features suffice to specify the natural class of front vowels. because, features define natural classes. we can see their relevance to phonological analysis, it is not individual phonomes such as p,b,k and g that contrast in english. rather, the entire class of voiced stops contrasts with the class of voiceless stops. it is the feature (voice) that is contranstive ,not individual segments, since we can define the contrast between each pair of segments with other wish identical articulation as residing in the feature (voice). Since the single feature is employed in all voiced-voiceless contrasts, we say that is a distinctive feature of english. other features provide for other contrasts. for example, we can capture the contrast between t ad s in english with he feature continuant.

the fact that the tongue tip is used in the production of one sound and the tongue blade is used in the other is not relevant to this phonological distinction in english and can therefore be ignored



kita meneliti bagaimanafitur ini memungkinkankita untukmembedakan antarakelassuaradengan banyak anggota. dalam halfonologi, fitur, menangkapkelasalami, yang merupakankelassuara yangberbagifiturfiturberhentibersuara, meluncur, vokaltinggi, konsonan nasal, dan sebagainya. setiap kelasalamimemerlukanfitur yang lebih sedikituntuk menentukandaripadauntuk menentukansalah satu darianggotanya. Misalnya, fiturlebih banyakdiperlukanuntuk menentukan setiapsegmendikelasvokaldepanInggrisdaripadauntuk menangkapseluruh kelas, dibutuhkantujuhfituruntuk menggambarkanvokal. tetapi hanyaempat. fiturcukupuntuk menentukankelasalamivokaldepan. karena, fiturmendefinisikankelasalami. kita dapat melihatrelevansinya dengananalisisfonologi, tidak phonomesindividu sepertip, b, kdangyang kontrasdalam bahasa Inggris. bukan, seluruh kelasberhentibersuarakontrasdengankelasberhentibersuara. itu adalahfitur(voice) yangcontranstive, segmenbukan individual, karena kitadapatmenentukankontras antarasetiap pasangansegmendenganlainnyaberharapartikulasiidentik sebagaiyang berada difitur(voice). Karenafitur tunggaldigunakandalam semuabersuara-bersuara kontras, kita katakan bahwaadalahciri khas daribahasa Inggris. fitur lainmenyediakankontraslainnya. Misalnya, kitabisamenangkapkontras antaratadsdalam bahasa Inggrisdengan diafiturcontinuant.
fakta bahwaujunglidahdigunakandalam produksisatu suaradanpisaulidahdigunakan dalamlain tidakrelevan denganperbedaanfonologisdalam bahasa Inggrisdan karena itudapat diabaikan.

 

 

[+syllabic]                            These features define the segment as consonant

[-consonantal]                  vowel, or glide (here, a vowel)

[+sonorant]

[-high]                                  These features define the placement

[+low]                                   of the tongue (here, a low back vowel)

[+back]

[-round]                               This feature defines lip rounding (here, unrounded)

[+tense]                              This feature defines tenseness/laxness(here, tense)

 

 

[+ suku kata] Fitur-fiturmendefinisikansegmensebagaikonsonan
[-konsonantal] vokal, ataumeluncur(di sini, vokal)
[+ sonoran]
[tinggi] Fitur-fitur inimenentukanpenempatan
[+ rendah] darilidah(di sini, vokalpunggung bawah)
[+ kembali]
[-round] Fitur ini menjelaskanpembulatanbibir(di sini, unrounded)
[+ tegang] Fitur ini menjelaskanketegangan/kelalaian(di sini, tegang)

 

features, processes and allophonic variation.

reference to features also enables us to understand the nature of allophonic variation more exactly. allophonic variation is not simply the substitution of one sound for another but rather the environmentally conditioned change or specification of a feature or features . coronal. for example refers to the class of sounds made with the tongue tip or blade raised. it turns out that just this feature is required to state the constraint on the selection of consonant sequences in coda position . when a vowel is tense and followed by two consonant , when is lax and followed by three consonant.

features are thus more than phonetic description in a different guise.

features are considered to be the ultimate building blocks of phonology, linguists have attempted to state all posibble phonological facts about language with the fewest number of features possible. features thus constitute an important part of a theory of what is possible in the phonological behaviour of human beings.

referensiuntukfiturjugamemungkinkankitauntukmemahamisifatvariasialofoniklebihtepatnya. variasialofoniktidakhanyamenggantikansatusuarauntuk yang lain melainkanperubahanlingkungan ac atauspesifikasifiturataufitur. koronal. misalnyamengacupadakelassuara yang dibuatdenganujunglidahataupisaumengangkat. ternyatahanyafiturinidiperlukanuntukmenyatakankendalapadapemilihanurutankonsonandalamposisi coda. ketikavokaltegangdandiikutiolehduakonsonan, kapanlemahdandiikutiolehtigakonsonan.
fitursehinggalebihdaripadadeskripsifonetikdalamkedok yang berbeda.
fitur yang dianggapsebagaiblokbangunanutamafonologi, ahlibahasatelahberusahauntukmenyatakansemuafaktafonologisposibbletentangbahasadenganjumlah paling sedikitfiturmungkin. fiturdemikianmerupakanbagianpentingdariteoriapa yang mungkindalamperilakufonologimanusia.